Junkers Ju 52
| Junkers Ju 52 | |
|---|---|
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| Role | Transport aircraft |
| Manufacturer | Junkers |
| Designed by | Ernst Zindel |
| First flight | 13 October 1930 (Ju 52/1m) 7 March 1932 (Ju 52/3m) |
| Primary user | Luftwaffe |
| Produced | 1931–1945 (Germany) 1945–1947 (France) 1945–1952 (Spain) |
| Number built | 4,845 |
The Junkers Ju 52 (nicknamed Tante Ju - "Auntie Ju" - and "Iron Annie") was a German transport aircraft manufactured from 1932 to 1945. It saw both civilian and military service during the 1930s and 1940s. In a civilian role, it flew with over 12 air carriers including Swissair and Lufthansa as an airliner and freight hauler. In a military role, it flew with the Luftwaffe as a troop and cargo transport and briefly as a medium bomber. The Ju 52 continued in postwar service with military and civilian air fleets well into the 1980s.
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Design and development
The Ju 52 was similar to the company's previous Junkers W33, although larger. In 1930, Ernst Zindel and his team designed the Ju 52 at the Junkers works at Dessau. The aircraft's unusual corrugated duralumin metal skin, pioneered by Junkers during World War I, strengthened the whole structure.
The Ju 52 had a low cantilever wing, the mid-section of which was built into the fuselage, forming its underside.[1] It was formed around four pairs of circular cross section duralumin spars with a corrugated surface that provided torsional stiffening. A narrow flap ran along the whole trailing edge, well separated from it. This flap lowered the stalling speed and the arrangement became known as the "double wing".[2]
The outer sections of this operated differentially as ailerons, projecting slightly beyond the wing tips with control horns. The strutted horizontal stabilizer carried horn-balanced elevators which again projected and showed a significant gap between them and the stabilizer, which was adjustable in-flight. All stabilizer surfaces were corrugated.
The fuselage was of rectangular section with a domed decking, all covered with corrugated light alloy. There was a port side passenger door just aft of the wings, with windows stretching forward to the pilots' cabin. The main undercarriage was fixed and divided; some aircraft had wheel fairings, others not. There was a fixed tail skid, or later tail wheel. Some aircraft were fitted with floats or skis instead of the main wheels.
In its original configuration, designated the Ju 52/1m, the Ju 52 was a single-engined aircraft, powered by either a BMW or Junkers liquid-cooled engine. However, the single-engine model was underpowered, and after seven prototypes had been completed, all subsequent Ju 52s were built with three radial engines as the Ju 52/3m (drei motoren - "three engines"). Originally powered by three Pratt & Whitney Hornet radial engines, later production models mainly received 574 kW (770 hp) BMW 132 engines, a licence-built refinement of the Pratt & Whitney design. Export models were also built with 447 kW (600 hp) Pratt & Whitney Wasp R-1340 and 578 kW (775 hp) Bristol Pegasus VI engines. The two wing-mounted radial engines of the Ju 52/3m had full-chord cowlings and were noticeably toed-out, from being mounted at an almost perpendicular angle to the wing's tapered leading edge. The central engine had a half-chord cowling like a Townend ring as the fuselage behind it was increasing in diameter, though some later aircraft had deeper cowlings. Production Ju 52/3m aircraft flown by Lufthansa before World War II, as well as Luftwaffe-flown Ju 52s flown during the war, usually used an air start system to turn over their trio of radial engines, using a common compressed air supply that also operated the main wheels' brakes.
Operational history
Pre-war civil use
In 1936, James A. Richardson's Canadian Airways received (Werknummer 4006) CF-ARM, the sixth ever-built Ju 52/1m. The aircraft, re-engined with a Rolls-Royce Buzzard and nicknamed the "Flying Boxcar" in Canada,[3] could lift approximately three tons and had a maximum weight of 7 tonnes (8 tons). It was used to supply mining and other operations in remote areas with equipment too big and heavy for other aircraft then in use. The Ju 52/1m was able to land on wheels, skis or floats.[4]
Before the nationalisation of the German aircraft industry in 1935, the Ju 52/3m was produced principally as a 17-seat airliner. It was principally used by Lufthansa and could fly from Berlin to Rome in eight hours. Lufthansa's fleet eventually numbered 80 and flew from Germany on routes in Europe, Asia and South America.
Military use 1935-45
The Ju 52 first saw military service in the Spanish Civil War, as both a bomber and transport aircraft. In the former role, it participated in the bombing of Guernica. No more of the bomber variant were built after this war, though it was again used as a bomber during the bombing of Warsaw[5] during the Invasion of Poland of September 1939. The Luftwaffe then relied on the Ju 52 for transport roles during World War II, including paratroop drops, most notably in the Battle of Crete in May 1941. Lightly armed, and with a top speed of only 265 km/h (165 mph) – half that of a contemporary Spitfire – the Ju 52 was very vulnerable to fighter attack and an escort was always necessary when flying in a combat zone. Many Ju 52s were shot down by anti-aircraft guns and fighters while transporting supplies, most notably during the desperate attempt to resupply the trapped German Sixth Army during the final stages of the Battle of Stalingrad in 1943.
During the final phase of the North African Campaign, 24 Ju 52s were shot down in the infamous "Palm Sunday Massacre" on 18 April 1943, another 35 staggered back to Sicily and crash-landed. The transports' escort, Jagdgeschwader 27, claimed just one enemy fighter.[6]
The seaplane version, equipped with two large floats, served during the Norwegian Campaign in 1940, and later in the Mediterranean theatre. Some Ju 52s, both floatplanes and landplanes were also used as minesweepers, known as Minensuch aircraft in German, fitted with a 14 m diameter current-carrying ring under the airframe to create a magnetic field which triggered the mines.[7]
Hitler's personal transport
Hitler used a Lufthansa Ju 52 for campaigning the 1932 German election, preferring flying to transport via train. After he became German Chancellor in 1933, Hans Baur became his personal pilot, and Hitler was provided with a personal Ju 52. Named Immelmann after the World War I ace Max Immelmann, it carried the designation D-2600. As his power and importance grew, Hitler's personal air force grew to nearly 50 aircraft, based at Berlin Tempelhof Airport and made up of mainly Ju 52s, which also flew other members of his cabinet and war staff. In September 1939 at Baur's suggestion, his personal Ju 52 Immelman II was replaced by the four-engine Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor, although Immelman II remained his back-up aircraft for the rest of World War II.
Postwar use
Various Junkers Ju 52s continued in military and civilian use following World War II. In 1956, the Portuguese Air Force, who was already using the Ju 52s as a transport plane, employed the type as a paratroop drop aircraft for its newly organized elite parachute forces, later known as the Batalhão de Caçadores Páraquedistas. The paratroopers used the Ju 52 in several combat operations in Angola and other Portuguese African colonies before gradually phasing it out of service in the 1960s.[8]
The Swiss Air Force also operated the Ju 52 from 1939 to 1982 when three aircraft remained in operation, probably the last and longest service in any air force.[9] They are still in flying condition and together with a CASA 352 can be booked for sightseeing tours with Ju-Air.[10]
During the 1950s the Ju 52 was also used by the French Air Force during the Indo-China War as a bomber. The usage of these Junkers were quite limited.[11]
Some Ju 52s were converted to civilian use. For example, B.E.A. operated eleven ex-RAF Ju 52/3mg8e machines from 1946–1947 on intra-U.K. routes before Dakotas took over.[2] French airlines like the S.T.A. and Air France flew Toucans in the late 1940s.
A Ju 52 and a Douglas DC-3 were the last aircraft to take off from Tempelhof Airport before all operations ceased there.[12]
Other versions
Most Ju 52s were destroyed after the war, but 585 were manufactured after 1945. In France, the machine had been manufactured during the war by the Junkers-controlled Amiot company, and production continued afterwards as the Amiot AAC 1 Toucan. In Spain, Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA continued production as the CASA 352 and 352L. Four CASA 352s are airworthy and in regular use today.
Variants
- Ju 52
- Single-engine transport aircraft, 7 built. First flight: 3 September 1930
- Ju 52/3m
- Three-engine prototype, powered by three 410 kW (550 hp) Pratt & Whitney Hornet engines. First flight: 7 March 1932
- Ju 52/3mce
- Three-engine civil transport aircraft.
- Ju 52/3mge
- Interim bomber and transport aircraft for the Luftwaffe.
- Ju 52/3mg3e
- Improved military version, powered by three 541 kW (725 hp) BMW 123-A3 radial engines, equipped with improved radio and bomb release mechanism.
- Ju 52/3mg4e
- Military version. The tailskid was replaced by a tailwheel.
- Ju 52/3mg5e
- Military version, powered by three 619 kW (830 hp) BMW 123T radials. It could be fitted with interchangeable float, ski and wheel landing gear.
- Ju 52/3mg6e
- Equipped with a simplified radio.
- Ju 52/3mg7e
- Fitted with autopilot and a large loading hatch.
- Ju 52/3mg8e
- Fitted with an extra cabin roof hatch.
- Ju 52/3mg9e
- Late production version, fitted with strengthened landing gear and glider towing gear.
- Ju 52/3mg10e
- Similar to the Ju 52/3mg9e, but it could be fitted with floats or wheels.
- Ju 52/3mg11e
- No details are known.
- Ju 52/3mg12e
- Powered by three BMW 123L radials.
- Ju 52/3m12e
- Some Ju 52/3mg12s were sent to Lufthansa.
- Ju 52/3mg13e
- No details are known.
- Ju 52/3mg14e
- this was the last German production version.
- A.A.C. 1 Toucan
- Post-war French version, 415 built.[13]
- CASA 352
- Post-war Spanish version, 106 built.[13]
- CASA 352L
- Spanish version with Spanish ENMA (ex-Elizalde) Beta B-4 engines, 64 built.[13]
- C-79
- Designation assigned to a single example operated by the United States Army Air Forces.
- T2B
- Designation used by the Spanish Air Force.
Operators
Argentina
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Belgium
Bolivia
Brazil
Bulgaria
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Croatia
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
Ecuador
Estonia
Finland
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Germany
Germany.svg.png)
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Lebanon - Sabotaged during a raid by unknown party
Norway
Peru
Poland
Portugal
Romania
South Africa
Slovakia
Soviet Union
Spanish State
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Yugoslavia
Aircraft on display
- Junkers Ju 52/3m (CASA 352L) is on display at the Royal Air Force Museum in Cosford. [14]
- Junkers Ju 52/3m (CASA 352L) is on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air & Space Museum in Chantilly, Virginia.
- Junkers Ju 52 (CASA 352L) is on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio.
- Junkers Ju-52/3m (Nord AAC.1Touqan) is on display at the Belgrade Aeronautical Museum.
- Junkers Ju-52/3mg4e (Werksnummer:6693)is on display at "Ju52-Hangar" of Traditionsgemeinschaft Lufttransport Wunstorf e. V.(Air Transport Community of Tradition) near Wunstorf/Germany. [15]
- Junkers Ju 52 (CASA 352L) (N352JU) is on display at the American Airpower Heritage Museum at Midland International Airport near Midland, Texas.
- Junkers Ju-52/3m (LN-DNL) is on display at the Norwegian National Museum of Aviation. [16]
Survivors
As of 2008, eight Ju 52 remain in operation, four of which operate pleasure flights from Dübendorf airport.
Specifications (Junkers Ju 52/3m g7e)
Data from Jane’s Fighting Aircraft of World War II[17]
General characteristics
- Crew: 3 (two pilots, radio operator)
- Capacity: 18 troops or 12 litter patients
- Length: 18.90 m (62 ft 0 in)
- Wingspan: 29.25 m (95 ft 10 in)
- Height: 4.5 m (14 ft 10 in)
- Wing area: 110.5 m² (1,190 ft²)
- Empty weight: 6,510 kg (14,325 lb)
- Loaded weight: 9,200 kg (20,270 lb)
- Max takeoff weight: 10,990 kg (24,200 lb)
- Powerplant: 3× BMW 132T radial engines, 533 kW (715 hp)[18] each
Performance
- Maximum speed: 265 km/h (165 mph) at sea level
- Cruise speed: 211 km/h (132 mph)
- Range: 870 km (540 mi)
- Service ceiling: 5,490 m (18,000 ft)
- Rate of climb: 17 minutes to 3,050 m (10,000 ft)
Armament
- Guns: * 1 × 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine gun in a dorsal position
- 2 × 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 15 machine guns
- Bombs: up to 454 kg (1,000 lb) of bombs (some variants)
See also
Related development
- Junkers Ju 252
- Junkers Ju 352
Comparable aircraft
- Douglas DC-3
- Savoia-Marchetti SM.81
Related lists
- List of airworthy Ju 52
References
Notes
- ↑ Grey and Bridgman 1972
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Jackson 1960, p. 100.
- ↑ C.B. "'Bud' Johnston Library." Rolls-Royce of Canada Ltd., Montreal Quebec.
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ Warsaw
- ↑ Weal 2003, p. 91.
- ↑ The Aeroplane Monthly, June 1994 p.28
- ↑ Afonso and Gomes 2000, pp. 178–183.
- ↑ http://swiss airforce history
- ↑ Museum of Military Aviation
- ↑ Duwelz, Yves. "Junkers Ju 52/3mge W Nr 5670 6309." Aviation Heritage in Belgium, October 2001. Retrieved: 4 April 2009.
- ↑ Kulish, Nicholas. "Crowds Bid Fond Farewell to Airport That Saved Berlin." New York Times, 30 October 2008. Retrieved: 4 April 2009.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Blewett 2007
- ↑ "Junkers Ju52/3M (CASA 352L) airplane pictures- RAF Museums."
- ↑ http://www.tglw.de
- ↑ [2]
- ↑ Jane 1946, pp. 170–171.
- ↑ Originally measured as 725 PS
Note 3 - Bud Johnston Library - is broken and should be replaced with: http://www.lib.uwo.ca/programs/companyinformationcanada/cr-rollsroyce.htm
Bibliography
- Afonso, Aniceto and Carlos de Matos Gomes. Guerra Colonial (in Portuguese). Lisbon : Editorial Notícias, 2000. ISBN 9-72461-192-2.
- Blewett, R.Survivors (Aviation Classics). Coulsdon, UK: Gatwick Aviation Society, 2007. ISBN 978-0-9530413-4-3
- Grey, Charles Gibson and Leonard Bridgman. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1938. London: Newton Abott, David & Charles, 1972. ISBN 0-7153-5734-4.
- Jackson, A.J.British Civil Aircraft 1919-59, vol 2. London: Putnam, 1960.
- Jane, Fred T. "The Junkers Ju 52/3m." Jane’s Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London: Studio, 1946. ISBN 1-85170-493-0.
- Swiss Air Force history
- Weal, John. Jagdgeschwader 27 'Afrika'. Oxford, UK: Osprey, 2003. ISBN 1-841765-38-4.
External links
- www.ju52-3m.ch
- www.constable.ca
- South African Historic Flight
- Deutsche Lufthansa Berlin Stiftung
- Documentary fragment depicting Ju 52 airliner service
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